Lithium stimulation of cord blood stem cell proliferation and growth factor production

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods for expanding human umbilical cord blood stem cells and methods for stimulating growth factor production by cord blood stem cells using an in vitro cell culture system comprising a lithium salt. The present invention also provides in vivo methods for enhancing the survival and growth of transplanted cord blood stem cells by treating the cells with a lithium salt prior to transplantation. In vivo methods for reducing rejection of transplanted cord blood stem cells by administering a lithium salt after transplantation are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/493,243, filed Sep. 22, 2014, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/513,331, filed Apr. 7, 2010, whichapplication issued on Oct. 7, 2014 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,852,938 B2, whichis a national phase application of PCT/US2007/083210, filed Oct. 31,2007, which application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 60/856,071, filed Nov. 1, 2006, the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is considerable interest in the identification, isolation, andgeneration of human stem cells. Human stem cells are typicallytotipotential or pluripotential precursor cells capable of self-renewaland generating a variety of mature human cell lineages. This abilityserves as the basis for the cellular differentiation and specializationnecessary for organ and tissue development. Recent success attransplanting stem cells have provided new clinical tools toreconstitute and/or supplement bone marrow after myeloablation due todisease, exposure to toxic chemicals, and/or radiation. Further evidenceexists that demonstrates that stem cells can be employed to repopulatemany, if not all, tissues and restore physiologic and anatomicfunctionality.

Many different types of mammalian stem cells have been characterized.For example, embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells, adult stemcells, and other committed stem cells or progenitor cells are known. Infact, certain stem cells have not only been isolated and characterized,but have also been cultured under conditions to allow a limited degreeof differentiation. Because of the tens of millions of possiblecombinations of HLA types in the population, a basic problem remains, inthat it is very difficult to obtain sufficient quantities, populations,and varieties of HLA types of human stem cells which are capable ofdifferentiating into all cell types that can be HLA matched toindividual patients. Stem cells of different HLA types are in criticallyshort supply. Due to their importance in the treatment of a wide varietyof diseases and conditions, including malignancies, inborn errors ofmetabolism, hemoglobinopathies, and immunodeficiencies, it would behighly advantageous to have an adequate source of stem cells of variousHLA types.

Obtaining sufficient numbers of human stem cells has been problematicfor several reasons. First, isolation of normally occurring populationsof stem cells in adult tissues has been technically difficult and costlydue, in part, to very limited quantities found in blood or tissue.Second, procurement of these cells from embryos or fetal tissue,including aborted fetuses, has raised ethical concerns. Alternativesources that do not require the use of cells procured from embryonic orfetal tissue are therefore essential for further progress in theclinical use of stem cells. There are, however, few viable alternativesources of stem cells, particularly human stem cells, and thus thesupply is limited. Furthermore, harvesting of stem cells fromalternative sources in adequate amounts for therapeutic and researchpurposes is generally laborious.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,359 discloses human mesenchymal stemcell (HMSC) compositions derived from bone marrow. Homogeneous HMSCcompositions are obtained by positive selection of adherent marrow orperiosteal cells that are free of markers associated with eitherhematopoietic cells or differentiated mesenchymal cells. The isolatedmesenchymal cell populations display characteristics associated withmesenchymal stem cells, have the ability to regenerate in culturewithout differentiating, and have the ability to differentiate intospecific mesenchymal lineages when either induced in vitro or placed invivo at the site of damaged tissue. The drawback of such methods,however, is that they first require the invasive and painful harvestingof marrow or periosteal cells from a human donor in order tosubsequently isolate HMSCs.

Umbilical cord blood is a known alternative source of mesenchymal stemcells as well as hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells. Stemcells from cord blood are routinely cryopreserved for hematopoieticreconstitution, a therapeutic procedure used in bone marrow and otherrelated transplantations (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,004,681 and5,192,553). Conventional techniques for the collection of cord blood arebased on the use of a needle or cannula, which is used with the aid ofgravity to drain cord blood from the placenta (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,004,681, 5,192,553, 5,372,581, and 5,415,665). The needle or cannulais usually placed in the umbilical vein and the placenta is gentlymassaged to aid in draining cord blood from the placenta. A majorlimitation of stem cell procurement from cord blood, however, has beenthe frequently inadequate volume of cord blood obtained, resulting ininsufficient cell numbers to effectively reconstitute bone marrow aftertransplantation.

Stem cells have the potential to be used in the treatment of a widevariety of diseases and injuries, including nervous system trauma (e.g.,spinal cord injury), malignancies, genetic diseases, hemoglobinopathies,and immunodeficiencies. However, stem cells from umbilical cord bloodare in critically short supply due to restrictions on their collection,the inadequate numbers of cells typically collected from cord blood,especially if used to treat an adult patient, and the extraordinary costof establishing a large inventory. As such, there is a strong need inthe art for methods of culturing cord blood stem cells in a cell culturesystem capable of expanding stem cells to a number sufficient fortransplantation. There is also a need in the art for methods ofenhancing the growth and survival of transplanted stem cells andreducing or delaying stem cell rejection in a recipient. The presentinvention satisfies these and other needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for stimulating growth factorproduction by human umbilical cord blood stem cells and methods forexpanding cord blood stem cells using an in vitro cell culture systemcomprising a lithium salt. The present invention also provides in vivomethods for enhancing the survival and growth of transplanted cord bloodstem cells by treating the cells with a lithium salt prior totransplantation. The present invention further provides in vivo methodsfor reducing rejection of transplanted cord blood stem cells byadministering a lithium salt after transplantation.

The present invention is based, in part, on the surprising discoverythat lithium stimulates the production or expression of growth factorsby stem cells. Without being bound to any particular theory, the effectof lithium on stem cell proliferation, survival, and immune rejection ismediated by the amount of growth factors that stem cells produce orexpress in response to a lithium salt.

As such, in one aspect, the present invention provides a method forstimulating growth factor production by human umbilical cord bloodcells, the method comprising culturing the cells in a medium comprisinga lithium salt.

Lithium typically stimulates the production or expression of growthfactors such as cell survival factors, anti-differentiation factors, andcombinations thereof. Examples of cell survival factors include, but arenot limited to, neurotrophins, cytokines, epidermal growth factor (EGF),platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF),insulin-like growth factor (IGF), heparin-binding epidermal growthfactor (HB-EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigmentepithelium-derived factor (PEDF), schwannoma-derived growth factor(SDGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-α(TGF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogeneticproteins (e.g., BMP1-BMP15), growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9),granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophagecolony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), myostatin (GDF-8), erythropoietin(EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), and combinations thereof. Leukemiainhibitory factor (LIF) is a preferred anti-differentiation factor.

Examples of neurotrophins include, without limitation, neurotrophin-1(NT-1), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), brain-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF),ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), andcombinations thereof.

Non-limiting examples of cytokines include IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4,IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23,IL-27, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, CXCL1/GRO1/GROα, CXCL2/GRO2,CXCL3/GRO3, CXCL4/PF-4, CXCL5/ENA-78, CXCL6/GCP-2, CXCL7/NAP-2,CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/I-TAC, CXCL12/SDF-1, CXCL13/BCA-1,CXCL14/BRAK, CXCL15, CXCL16, CXCL17/DMC, CCL1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α,CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL5/RANTES, CCL6/C10, CCL7/MCP-3, CCL8/MCP-2, CCL9/CCL10,CCL11/Eotaxin, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL13/MCP-4, CCL14/HCC-1, CCL15/MIP-5,CCL16/LEC, CCL17/TARC, CCL18/MIP-4, CCL19/MIP-3β, CCL20/MIP-3α,CCL21/SLC, CCL22/MDC, CCL23/MPIF1, CCL24/Eotaxin-2, CCL25/TECK,CCL26/Eotaxin-3, CCL27/CTACK, CCL28/MEC, CL1, CL2, CX₃CL1, andcombinations thereof.

Examples of lithium salts suitable for use in the methods of the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, lithium chloride, lithiumcarbonate, and lithium sulfate. Preferably, the lithium salt is lithiumchloride. In some embodiments, the lithium salt, e.g., lithium chloride,is present in the cell culture medium at a concentration of from about0.5 to about 5 mM, e.g., about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9,3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 mM. In a preferred embodiment,the lithium salt is present in the cell culture medium at aconcentration of about 3 mM.

In certain instances, the cord blood cells can be cultured with alithium mimetic compound (see, e.g., Gould et al.,Neuropsychopharmacology, 30:1223-1237 (2005); and Gould, Expert Opin.Ther. Targets, 10:377-392 (2006)). In certain other instances, the cordblood cells can be cultured with a psychotropic drug similar to lithiumsuch as, for example, valproic acid (see, e.g., Hahn et al., J.Psychiatr. Res., 39:355-363 (2005); Shao et al., Biol. Psychiatry,58:879-884 (2005); and Dokucu et al., Neuropsychopharmacology,30:2216-2224 (2005)), disodium valproate (see, e.g., Calabrese et al.,Am. J. Psychiatry, 162:2152-2161 (2005)), and carbamazepine (see, e.g.,Bazinet et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 59:401-407 (2006)).

In some embodiments, a collected cord blood unit is first substantiallydepleted of plasma and the stem cells present in the plasma-depletedcord blood unit are then cultured with a lithium salt. In otherembodiments, a collected cord blood unit is first substantially depletedof red blood cells and the stem cells present in the red bloodcell-depleted cord blood unit are then cultured with a lithium salt. Thecord blood stem cells can be cultured in a medium comprising a lithiumsalt using any in vitro culture technique known to one skilled in theart either before or after cryopreservation of the plasma-depleted orred blood cell-depleted cord blood unit.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for expandinghuman umbilical cord blood cells, the method comprising culturing thecells in a medium comprising a lithium salt.

Examples of suitable lithium salts include, but are not limited to,lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, and lithium sulfate. Preferably,the lithium salt is lithium chloride. In some embodiments, the lithiumsalt, e.g., lithium chloride, is present in the cell culture medium at aconcentration of from about 0.5 to about 5 mM, e.g., about 0.5, 1, 1.5,2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 mM.In a preferred embodiment, the lithium salt is present in the cellculture medium at a concentration of about 3 mM.

In certain instances, the cord blood cells can be cultured with alithium mimetic compound. In certain other instances, the cord bloodcells can be cultured with a psychotropic drug similar to lithium suchas, for example, valproic acid, disodium valproate, carbamazepine, andcombinations thereof.

As described above, a collected cord blood unit can be substantiallydepleted of plasma and the stem cells present in the plasma-depletedcord blood unit can then be cultured with a lithium salt. Alternatively,a collected cord blood unit can be substantially depleted of red bloodcells and the stem cells present in the red blood cell-depleted cordblood unit can then be cultured with a lithium salt. The cord blood stemcells can be cultured in a medium comprising a lithium salt using anysuitable in vitro culture technique known in the art either before orafter cryopreservation of the plasma-depleted or red blood cell-depletedcord blood unit.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method forenhancing the survival and growth of transplanted human umbilical cordblood cells in a subject, the method comprising: (a) culturing the cellsin a medium comprising a lithium salt; and (b) administering the cellsof step (a) to the subject.

Examples of lithium salts suitable for use in the methods of the presentinvention for enhancing the survival and growth of transplanted cordblood cells include, but are not limited to, lithium chloride, lithiumcarbonate, and lithium sulfate. Preferably, the lithium salt is lithiumchloride. In some embodiments, the lithium salt, e.g., lithium chloride,is present in the cell culture medium at a concentration of from about0.5 to about 5 mM, e.g., about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9,3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 mM. In a preferred embodiment,the lithium salt is present in the cell culture medium at aconcentration of about 3 mM.

In certain instances, the cord blood cells can be cultured with alithium mimetic compound. Alternatively, the cord blood cells can becultured with a psychotropic drug similar to lithium such as, forexample, valproic acid, disodium valproate, carbamazepine, andcombinations thereof.

As described above, a collected cord blood unit can be substantiallydepleted of plasma and the stem cells present in the plasma-depletedcord blood unit can then be cultured with a lithium salt. Alternatively,a collected cord blood unit can be substantially depleted of red bloodcells and the stem cells present in the red blood cell-depleted cordblood unit can then be cultured with a lithium salt. The cord blood stemcells can be cultured in a medium comprising a lithium salt using anysuitable in vitro culture technique known in the art either before orafter cryopreservation of the plasma-depleted or red blood cell-depletedcord blood unit.

The subject is typically a mammal such as a human. In instances wherethe subject has been diagnosed with an injury such as a spinal cordinjury, the cultured cells are preferably administered intraspinally.

In certain instances, the method further comprises administering alithium salt such as lithium chloride to the subject, e.g., a mammalsuch as a human. The lithium salt, e.g., lithium chloride, is usuallyadministered by a route including, but not limited to, oral,intrathecal, intraventricular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal,intravenous, and intramuscular. In some embodiments, the lithium salt isadministered to the subject at a dose of from about 1 mg/kg to about 150mg/kg, e.g., about 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 50,75, 100, 125, or 150 mg/kg. In a preferred embodiment, the lithium saltis administered at a dose of about 10 mg/kg.

The cultured cells and lithium salts of the present invention can beadministered either alone or in a mixture with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier selected in accordance with the route ofadministration and standard pharmaceutical practice. As a non-limitingexample, normal buffered saline (e.g., about 135-150 mM NaCl) can beemployed as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Other suitablecarriers include, but are not limited to, water, buffered water, 0.4%saline, 0.3% glycine, and the like. Additional carriers suitable for usein delivering the cultured stem cells and lithium salts of the presentinvention are described in, e.g., REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,Mack Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 18th ed. (1995).

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method forreducing rejection of transplanted human umbilical cord blood cells in asubject, the method comprising administering a lithium salt to thesubject after cell transplantation.

The subject is typically a mammal such as a human. In instances wherethe subject has been diagnosed with an injury such as a spinal cordinjury, the cells are preferably transplanted via intraspinaladministration.

Non-limiting examples of lithium salts suitable for use in the methodsof the present invention include lithium chloride, lithium carbonate,and lithium sulfate. Preferably, the lithium salt is lithium chloride.In certain instances, cord blood stem cells can be expanded using an invitro culture technique in a medium comprising a lithium salt prior tocell transplantation. The cord blood stem cells can be obtained from acollected cord blood unit that is substantially depleted of plasmaand/or red blood cells.

The lithium salt, e.g., lithium chloride, is usually administered by aroute including, but not limited to, oral, intrathecal,intraventricular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, andintramuscular. In some embodiments, the lithium salt is administered tothe subject at a dose of from about 1 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg, e.g.,about 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100,125, or 150 mg/kg. In a preferred embodiment, the lithium salt isadministered at a dose of about 10 mg/kg. In certain instances, alithium mimetic compound or a psychotropic drug similar to lithium(e.g., valproic acid, disodium valproate, and/or carbamazepine) can beadministered to the subject to reduce rejection of the transplanted cordblood stem cells.

The lithium salt described herein can be administered either alone or ina mixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected inaccordance with the route of administration and standard pharmaceuticalpractice. As a non-limiting example, normal buffered saline (e.g., about135-150 mM NaCl) can be employed as the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. Other suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, water,buffered water, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, and the like. Additionalcarriers suitable for use in delivering the lithium salts of the presentinvention are described in, e.g., REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,Mack Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 18th ed. (1995).

The lithium salt can be administered to the subject minutes, hours,days, weeks, months, and/or years after cell transplantation. In someembodiments, the subject can be treated with a second, third, fourth,fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, or more dose of the same ordifferent lithium salt after cell transplantation. In certain instances,one or more doses of the lithium salt can also be administered to thesubject before and/or during cell transplantation.

Other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention and itspreferred embodiments will become apparent from the detaileddescription, examples, and claims that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium promotes N01.1 cellproliferation in vitro.

FIG. 2 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium stimulates N01.1 cellgrowth factor production in vitro.

FIG. 3 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium promotes N01.1 cellproliferation in vivo as determined by quantitative real-time PCR.

FIG. 4 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium promotes N01.1 cellproliferation in vivo as determined by genomic PCR.

FIG. 5 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium promotes N01.1 cellsurvival in vivo as determined by histological analysis. Left, rostral;Right, caudal. Scale=1 mm.

FIG. 6 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium stimulates N01.1 cellgrowth factor production in vivo.

FIG. 7 illustrates data demonstrating the effect of lithium onneuroprotection following spinal cord injury.

FIG. 8 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium promotes humanumbilical cord blood cell proliferation in vitro.

FIG. 9 illustrates data demonstrating that lithium stimulates humanumbilical cord blood cell growth factor production in vitro.

FIG. 10 illustrates additional data demonstrating that lithiumstimulates human umbilical cord blood cell growth factor production invitro.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Introduction

Lithium has been used for over 50 years to treat bipolar disorder andother neurological conditions (see, e.g., Manji et al., Biol.Psychiatry, 46:929-940 (1999)). People with manic depression often takelithium for a lifetime, with therapeutic blood concentrations of about 1mM. Despite such high concentrations, lithium is relatively non-toxic.Lithium has many potential mechanisms of action on cells (Jope, Mol.Psychiatry, 4:117-128 (1999)). For example, lithium modulates theactivities of multiple enzymes including GSK-3, Akt, cAMP-dependentkinase, and protein kinase C, as well as their attendant secondmessengers and transcription factors.

Studies on the effects of lithium on neural cells have shown thatlithium may stimulate neural regeneration (Bustuoabad et al., Medicina,40:547-552 (1980)) and neural progenitor proliferation (Hashimoto etal., Neuroscience, 117:55-61 (2003)), induce proliferation of neuronaland astroglial cells near the injury site in stroke models (Chuang,Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 16:83-90 (2004)), enhance the proliferation ofglial cells in the pituitary gland (Levine et al., Cell Prolif,35:167-172 (2002); Levine et al., Cell Prolif., 33:203-207 (2000)),stimulate the ability of white blood cells to migrate (Azzara et al.,Haematologica, 72:121-127 (1987); Azzara et al., Acta Haematol.,85:100-102 (1991)), increase neuronal differentiation of hippocampalneural progenitor cells (Kim et al., J. Neurochem., 89:324-336 (2004)),and enhance neurogenesis in mouse hippocampus (Laeng et al., J.Neurochem., 91:238-251 (2004)). However, none of these referencesconsiders the in vitro and in vivo effects of lithium on growth factorproduction by human umbilical cord blood stem cells. Likewise, thesereferences fail to appreciate the in vitro and in vivo effects oflithium on human umbilical cord blood stem cell proliferation andsurvival.

Additionally, studies on the effects of lithium on bone marrow haveshown that lithium may increase colony stimulating activity productionand accelerate granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis (Labedzki et al., Klin.Wochenschr., 58:211-218 (1980)), reduce chemotherapy-induced suppressionof granulpoiesis and megacariopoiesis (Korycka et al., Arch. Immunol.Ther. Exp., 39:501-509 (1991)), accelerate marrow recovery followingtotal body irradiation (Johnke et al., Int. J. Cell Cloning, 9:78-88(1991)), reverse marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia caused bysimultaneous administration of estradiol cyclopentylpropionate anddiethylstilbestrol (Hall, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 200:814-816 (1992)),and restore normal blood counts in patients with clozapine-inducedgranulocytopenia (Papetti et al., Encephale., 30:578-582 (2004)).However, none of these references considers the in vitro and in vivoeffects of lithium on growth factor production by human umbilical cordblood stem cells. Similarly, these references fail to appreciate the invitro and in vivo effects of lithium on human umbilical cord blood stemcell proliferation and survival.

Accordingly, the present invention is based, in part, on the surprisingdiscovery that culturing human umbilical cord blood stem cells in mediacontaining a lithium salt such as lithium chloride can stimulate theproduction of growth factors by these stem cells, thereby promotingtheir proliferation and survival. In fact, culturing cord blood stemcells according to the methods of the present invention increases theamount of growth factor expression and the number of stem cells byseveral fold (e.g., at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10-fold). Thepresent invention is also based on the surprising discovery thattreating cord blood stem cells with a lithium salt prior totransplantation enhances the survival and growth of transplanted stemcells, and administering a lithium salt after cord blood stem celltransplantation reduces immune rejection of transplanted stem cells. Assuch, the methods described herein not only permit a substantialexpansion of the limited supply of stem cells found in cord blood, butalso provide a significant improvement in the clinical outcome of thetransplant recipient, e.g., by increasing survival and growth oftransplanted stem cells and/or decreasing immune rejection oftransplanted stem cells.

II. Definitions

As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to themunless specified otherwise.

The term “stem cell” refers to any cell that has the ability to dividefor indefinite periods of time and to give rise to specialized cells.Stem cells emanate from all germinal layers (i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm,and endoderm). Typical sources of stem cells include embryos, bonemarrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placental blood, muscletissue, and adipose tissue. Stem cells can be totipotent, meaning thatthey are capable of growing and differentiating into any cell in thebody. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells aretotipotent. Alternatively, stem cells can be pluripotent, meaning thatthey are capable of generating most tissues in an organism. For example,pluripotent stem cells can give rise to cells of the nervous system,skin, liver, kidney, blood, muscle, bone, etc. Examples of pluripotentstem cells include, but are not limited to, cord blood stem cells,neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells,mesenchymal stem cells, placentally-derived stem cells, exfoliatedtooth-derived stem cells, and hair follicle stem cells. In contrast,multipotent or adult stem cells typically give rise to limited types ofcells. The term stem cell as used herein includes progenitor cellsunless otherwise noted.

The term “progenitor cell” refers to cells that are lineage-committed,i.e., an individual cell can give rise to progeny limited to a singlelineage. Non-limiting examples of progenitor cells include precursorcells for the neuronal, hepatic, nephrogenic, adipogenic, osteoblastic,osteoclastic, alveolar, cardiac, intestinal, or endothelial lineage.

The term “culturing” as used herein refers to maintaining stem cellsunder conditions in which they can proliferate and avoid senescence. Forexample, in the present invention, stem cells are cultured in mediacontaining a lithium salt and optionally one or more growth factors,i.e., a growth factor cocktail.

The term “stimulating growth factor production” refers to the use of alithium salt to increase the expression (e.g., mRNA, protein) of one ormore growth factors from stem cells. Typically, the increase in growthfactor expression is compared to control stem cells that were culturedin the absence of a lithium salt. As described in Examples 1 and 2, themethods of the present invention can significantly stimulate theproduction of growth factors from stem cells, i.e., when stem cells arecultured in media containing a lithium salt. Examples of growth factorsthat can be stimulated by culturing stem cells with a lithium saltinclude, but are not limited to, cell survival factors (e.g.,neurotrophins, cytokines, epidermal growth factor (EGF),platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF),insulin-like growth factor (IGF), etc.), anti-differentiation factors(e.g., leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), etc.), and combinationsthereof. Non-limiting examples of neurotrophins include neurotrophin-1(NT-1), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), brain-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF),ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF) (e.g.,NGFα, NGFβ, and NGFγ), and combinations thereof. Examples of cytokinesinclude those belonging to the interleukin or interferon subfamiliessuch as those described above.

The term “in vitro expansion” refers to the cultivation of stem cells inthe laboratory. Such cells can be extracted from a mammal and additionalquantities of cells generated by cultivation in the appropriateenvironment, e.g., in media containing a lithium salt. If possible,stable cell lines are established to allow for continued propagation ofcells. As described in Examples 1 and 2, the methods of the presentinvention can significantly promote stem cell proliferation in vitro,i.e., when stem cells are cultured in media containing a lithium salt.

The term “enhancing survival and growth” refers to the use of a lithiumsalt to promote the viability and proliferation of transplanted stemcells. Typically, the enhancement in survival and growth of transplantedstem cells is compared to control stem cells that were cultured andtransplanted in the absence of a lithium salt. As described in Example1, the methods of the present invention can significantly enhance thesurvival and growth of transplanted stem cells, i.e., whenlithium-treated stem cells are administered to a mammal. Viable cellsare cells that are alive and frequently are capable of growth anddivision. Those of skill in the art are aware of methods to determinethe viability of cells, e.g., by the ability to exclude trypan blue dye.

The term “reducing rejection” refers to the use of a lithium salt toreduce, delay, or abrogate the risk of immune rejection of transplantedstem cells. Typically, the reduction in rejection of transplanted stemcells is compared to control stem cells that were cultured andtransplanted in the absence of a lithium salt. As a non-limitingexample, the methods of the present invention can significantly delaythe onset of immune rejection of transplanted stem cells when a lithiumsalt such as lithium chloride is administered to a stem cell recipient.

The term “umbilical cord blood” refers to a source of pluripotent andmultipotent stem cells obtained from the blood of umbilical cords thatare left over after birth. Examples of stem cells found in umbilicalcord blood include, but are not limited to, mesenchymal stem cells,hematopoietic stem cells, and progenitor cells. Mesenchymal stem cellsand progenitor cells can typically differentiate into nerve cells,marrow stromal cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes,tenocytes, and ligament cells. Hematopoietic stem cells can typicallygive rise to cells of the lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineages. Adetailed description of methods for collecting and processing cord bloodis provided below.

The term “umbilical cord blood unit” as used herein refers to a volumeof cord blood that is collected from a single donor. A single umbilicalcord blood unit is typically used in the methods of the presentinvention, but multiple cord blood units, e.g., double cord blood units,can also be used to increase stem cell number.

As used herein, the terms “plasma is substantially depleted” and“plasma-depleted” refer to processed umbilical cord blood units in whicha volume of plasma greater than about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% has been removed. For example,plasma can be substantially depleted by centrifuging cord blood andseparating the cellular fraction from the plasma fraction. The plasmavolume remaining following substantial depletion is typically from about0% to about 30% by volume, preferably from about 10% to about 30% byvolume.

The terms “non-red blood cell-depleted” and “red blood cells are notdepleted” as used herein refer to processed umbilical cord blood unitsin which a volume of red blood cells less than about 30%, 25,%, 20%,15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% has been removed.

As used herein, the terms “red blood cell is substantially depleted” and“red blood cell-depleted” refer to processed umbilical cord blood unitsin which a volume of red blood cells greater than about 30%, 35%, 40%,45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% has beenremoved.

“Nucleated cells” refers to cells that have a nucleus, i.e., anorganelle that comprises chromosomal DNA. Nucleated cells include, e.g.,white blood cells and stem cells. “Unnucleated cells” includes, e.g.,adult red blood cells.

The term “lithium salt” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable saltof lithium. Examples of lithium salts suitable for use in the methods ofthe present invention include, but are not limited to, lithium chloride,lithium carbonate, and lithium sulfate, lithium citrate, lithiumoxybutyrate, lithium orotate, lithium acetate, lithium aluminate,lithium aluminium hydride, lithium amide, lithium borate, lithiumbromide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium fluoride, lithium hydride,lithium hydroxide, lithium iodide, lithium metaborate, lithiummolybdate, lithium niobate, lithium nitrate, lithium nitride, lithiumoxide, lithium perchlorate, lithium peroxide, lithium sulfide, lithiumtantalate, lithium gamma-linolenate, and combinations thereof.Preferably, the lithium salt is lithium chloride.

The term “subject” refers to a mammal such as a human.

As used herein, the term “administering” refers to the delivery of stemcells such as human umbilical cord blood cells or a lithium salt such aslithium chloride by any route including, without limitation, oral,intranasal, intraocular, intravenous, intraosseous, intraperitoneal,intraspinal, intramuscular, intra-articular, intraventricular,intracranial, intralesional, intratracheal, intrathecal, subcutaneous,intradermal, transdermal, or transmucosal administration. The lithiumsalt is typically administered via an oral, intrathecal,intraventricular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, orintramuscular route. In certain instances, the lithium salt isadministered by an osmotic pump implanted in a subject using, e.g., aDUROS® Implant available from Alza Corp. (Mountain View, Calif.). Incertain other instances, the lithium salt is administered by a sustainedrelease depot injection. The stem cells can be administered, forexample, by direct injection or infusion into a disease site, an injurysite (e.g., intraspinal administration for treatment of a spinal cordinjury), or other target site such as an organ. The stem cells andlithium salt can be administered simultaneously (e.g., at the same time)or sequentially (e.g., over the course of several minutes, hours, ordays) to a subject.

III. Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells

A. Collection of Umbilical Cord Blood

Umbilical cord blood is a rich source of stem cells and can be obtainedeasily and without trauma to the donor. In contrast, the collection ofbone marrow cells for transplantation is a traumatic experience which iscostly in terms of time and money spent for hospitalization. Preferably,umbilical cord blood is collected by direct drainage from the umbilicalcord. As such, following delivery of the infant, the umbilical cord canbe doubly cross-clamped and transected just above the crushed portion inthe clamp, and the resulting flow of fetal blood from umbilical vesselscan be caught in a collection vessel. An adequate collection can usuallybe accomplished without milking the cord and is complete inapproximately two minutes, before placental separation has occurred.Care should be taken to avoid contamination by maternal blood, urine, orother fluids in the delivery field. Umbilical cord blood can also beobtained by any other method known in the art.

A donor for the purposes of the present invention may include maternaldonors who are donors for the purpose of informed consent for thedonation, and are mothers with custodial rights of the actual newborndonors, with the actual donors of umbilical cord blood being the newbornbabies. Maternal donors are individuals who are in good general healthand between the ages of about 16 and about 50. Certain information maybe collected from the maternal donor before or after cord blood donationin order to determine donor suitability and lack of transfusiontransmitted infectious diseases, genetic diseases, and cancers of thehematopoietic system. For example, the maternal donor may be given amedical questionnaire to fill out. In one embodiment of the presentinvention, a maternal donor will undergo a medical examination beforedonation.

Collection of umbilical cord blood should be made under sterileconditions. In some embodiments, the cord blood can be mixed with ananticoagulant immediately upon collection. Generally, from about 23 mlto about 35 ml of the anticoagulant is mixed with up to about 255 ml ofcord blood (i.e., one cord blood unit). Suitable anticoagulants includeany known in the art, such as, e.g., CPDA(citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenosine), CPD(citrate-phosphate-dextrose), ACD (acid-citrate-dextrose), Alsever'ssolution (Alsever et al., N. Y. St. J. Med., 41:126 (1941)), De Gowin'sSolution (De Gowin et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc., 114:850 (1940)),Edglugate-Mg (Smith et al., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 38:573(1959)), Rous-Turner Solution (Rous et al., J. Exp. Med., 23:219(1916)), other glucose mixtures, heparin, ethyl biscoumacetate, etc.

To aid cord blood processing and improve safety, processing bags forvarious blood components may be part of a sterile blood bag system. Inone embodiment, a plasma storage solution may be incorporated into oneof the processing bags. Additionally, both the collection bag and theprocessing bags may be equipped with ports and break connectors. Theports may be used for the addition or extraction of materials to or fromthe inside of the bag. A break connector may be used to temporarilyclose a tube or the entrance of a bag.

The cord blood can typically be stored at temperatures, e.g., betweenabout 0° C. and about 42° C. or between about 15° C. and about 26° C.,for up to about 48 hours.

In addition to umbilical cord blood, placental or fetal blood can beused to obtain stem cells that are suitable for culturing and/ortransplantation. Placental or fetal blood can be collected by any methodknown in the art. For example, fetal blood can be taken from the fetalcirculation at the placental root with the use of a needle guided byultrasound, placentocentesis, or fetoscopy. Placental blood can beobtained, e.g., by needle aspiration from the delivered placenta at theroot and at distended veins.

In some embodiments, postnatal women are asked to donate cord blood andplacental blood. Hospitals are contacted and asked to participate in aumbilical cord/placental blood collection project. Potential donors arewomen who are in labor and are about to deliver a baby either by naturaldelivery or Cesarean section. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,387, one method ofobtaining umbilical cord blood and placental blood from postnatal womenis described, e.g., by enrolling a family with a bank before a child isborn and collecting a fee for the collection and storage of the cordstem cells to be collected after birth.

In one embodiment, after delivery, the cord blood and/or placenta iscollected and examined. In some embodiments, examination ensures thatthe cord blood or placental blood is suitable for further processing. Anexamination may include examining the placenta to make sure it is intactand free from heavy meconium or purulent discharge. The umbilical cordmay be examined to determine that it is intact with 2 arteries and 1vein and devoid of true knots or other abnormalities. As describedabove, collection can be into a bag that optionally contains ananticoagulant such as a citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenosine (CPDA)solution.

B. Plasma Depletion Processing

In some embodiments, the volume of collected cord blood can be reducedaccording to the process described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No.20060275271. As a non-limiting example, volume reduction of collectedcord blood can be performed by first centrifuging the mixture attemperatures between about 0° C. and about 42° C., preferably aboutbetween 15° C. and about 26° C. The centrifugation is done to remove asubstantial volume of liquid, e.g., plasma, from the mixture. Thecentrifugation is preferably performed at about 1,000×g to about 2,500×gfor between about 5 and about 20 minutes, with the centrifugal force andcentrifugation time sufficient to cause sedimentation of most of thecells without causing cell damage. After centrifugation, a substantialvolume of plasma is removed to reduce the volume of the cord bloodmixture to produce a plasma-depleted cord blood unit that has not beendepleted of red blood cells. The plasma volume remaining followingsubstantial depletion is typically from about 0% to about 30% by volume,preferably from about 10% to about 30% by volume. In certain instances,at least about 10 ml of plasma is left in the plasma-depleted cord bloodunit. Preferably, less than about 5% of the nucleated cells (e.g., lessthan about 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%) are lost when the supernatant isremoved, as evidenced by enumeration of cells in the supernatant plasma.

In some embodiments, the plasma-depleted unit is transferred to afreezing container, e.g., a Cryocyte® bag, and cooled to between about2° C. and about 8° C. for about 30 to about 60 minutes. The acceptablevolume is determined by the holding volume of the particular CryoCyte®bag used, the number of cells to be cryopreserved, and the concentrationof the cryopreservant solution. If the volume of the plasma-depletedcord blood unit is too large as to cause the volume to exceed about 60or about 75 ml, then a larger CryoCyte® bag can be used or the samplecan be divided among two or more CryoCyte® bags.

C. Culturing Cord Blood Stem Cells

The stem cells present in an umbilical cord blood unit can be culturedusing an in vitro culture technique in a medium comprising a lithiumsalt either before or after cryopreservation. Various protocols havebeen described for the growth of cord blood stem cells in culture (see,e.g., Smith et al., Br. J. Haematol., 63:29-34 (1986); Dexter et al., J.Cell. Physiol., 91:335 (1977); Witlock et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A., 79:3608-3612 (1982)). One skilled in the art will know of otherprotocols for culturing the population of cord blood stem cells invitro.

Various factors can be used in conjunction with a lithium salt forstimulating the proliferation of cord blood stem cells in culture. Asnon-limiting examples, a variety of cytokines and growth factors such asinterleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL-4),interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulatingfactor (GM-CSF) can be used in combination with a lithium salt tostimulate the ex vivo expansion of stem cells present in the umbilicalcord blood unit.

Cord blood stem cells cultured by the methods of the present inventioncan be used without further purification. Alternatively, a specificpopulation or subpopulation of cultured stem cells can be isolated byvarious techniques known in the art, such as immunoaffinitychromatography, immunoadsorption, FACS sorting, and the like. As anon-limiting example, cord blood stem cells can be isolated based ontheir expression of cell-surface markers such as CD34, c-kit, and/orCXCR-4.

The present invention relies upon routine techniques in the field ofcell culture. Suitable cell culture methods and conditions can bedetermined by those of skill in the art using known methodology (see,e.g., Freshney et al., CULTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS, 3rd ed. (1994)). Ingeneral, the cell culture environment includes consideration of suchfactors as the substrate for cell growth, cell density and cellcontract, the gas phase, the medium, and temperature.

Incubation is generally performed under conditions known to be optimalfor cell growth. Such conditions may include, for example, a temperatureof about 37° C. and a humidified atmosphere containing about 5% CO₂. Theduration of the incubation can vary widely, depending on the desiredresults. Proliferation can be conveniently determined using ³H thymidineincorporation or BrdU labeling.

Plastic dishes, flasks, roller bottles, or microcarriers in suspensionmay be used to culture cord blood stem cells according to the methods ofthe present invention. Suitable culture vessels include, for example,multi-well plates, petri dishes, tissue culture tubes, flasks, rollerbottles, and the like. Cord blood stem cells are typically grown atoptimal densities that are determined empirically based on the cell typeand passaged when the cell density is above optimal.

Cultured cord blood stem cells are normally grown in an incubator thatprovides a suitable temperature, e.g., the body temperature of theanimal from which the cells were obtained, accounting for regionalvariations in temperature. Generally, 37° C. is the preferredtemperature for cell culture. Most incubators are humidified toapproximately atmospheric conditions.

Important constituents of the gas phase are oxygen and carbon dioxide.Typically, atmospheric oxygen tensions are used for cell cultures.Culture vessels are usually vented into the incubator atmosphere toallow gas exchange by using gas permeable caps or by preventing sealingof the culture vessels. Carbon dioxide plays a role in pH stabilization,along with buffer in the cell media and is typically present at aconcentration of from about 1% to about 10% in the incubator. Thepreferred CO₂ concentration typically is about 5%.

Defined cell media are available as packaged, premixed powders orpresterilized solutions. Examples of commonly used media include, butare not limited to, Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM),DME, RPMI 1640, Iscove's complete media, and McCoy's Medium (see, e.g.,GibcoBRL/Life Technologies Catalog and Reference Guide; Sigma Catalog).Defined cell culture media are supplemented with a lithium salt, e.g.,lithium chloride, at about 0.5-5 mM, e.g., about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5,2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 mM. In someembodiments, the lithium salt is present at about 3 mM. Defined cellculture media can also be supplemented with about 5-20% serum, typicallyheat inactivated serum, e.g., human, horse, calf, and fetal bovineserum. Typically, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human serum (HS) isused in the methods of the present invention. The culture medium isusually buffered to maintain the cells at a pH of from about 7.2-7.4.Other supplements to the media include, e.g., antibiotics, amino acids,sugars (e.g., glucose at about 5.5-16.7 mM), and growth factors (e.g.,EGF, FGF, and the like).

IV. Administration of Cultured Stem Cells and Lithium Salts

Lithium salts and stem cells cultured according to the methods of thepresent invention may be administered to a subject by any means known inthe art. Suitable means of administration include, for example,intravenous or subcutaneous administration, or local delivery, e.g.,direct injection or infusion into a disease site, an injury site, orother target site such as an organ.

The cultured stem cells and lithium salts described herein can beadministered either alone or in a mixture with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are determinedin part by the particular composition being administered (e.g., cells,salts, etc.), as well as by the particular method used to administer thecomposition. Accordingly, there are a wide variety of suitablepharmaceutical formulations for administering the cultured cells andlithium salts of the present invention. As a non-limiting example,normal buffered saline (e.g., about 135-150 mM NaCl) can be employed asthe pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Other suitable carriersinclude, but are not limited to, water, buffered water, 0.4% saline,0.3% glycine, and the like. Additional suitable carriers are describedin, e.g., REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Mack Publishing Co.,Philadelphia, Pa., 18th ed. (1995). As used herein, the term “carrier”includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicles, coatings,diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorptiondelaying agents, buffers, carrier solutions, suspensions, colloids, andthe like. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecularentities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similaruntoward reaction when administered to a mammal such as a human.

The stem cells and lithium salts of the present invention may be informulations suitable for administration, such as, for example, aqueousand non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can containantioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, andaqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspendingagents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.

Injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterilepowders, granules, and tablets. The dose administered to a subject, inthe context of the present invention, should be sufficient to effect abeneficial therapeutic response in the subject over time. With regard tocultured stem cells, the dose will be determined by the efficacy of theparticular stem cells employed and the condition of the subject, as wellas the body weight or surface area of the subject to be treated. Thesize of the dose will also be determined by the existence, nature, andextent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration ofa particular cell type in a particular subject. With regard to lithiumsalts, the dose will be determined by the efficacy of the particularlithium salt employed and the condition of the subject, as well as thebody weight or surface area of the subject to be treated. The size ofthe dose will also be determined by the existence, nature, and extent ofany adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of aparticular lithium salt in a particular subject.

In determining the effective amount of the cultured stem cells to beadministered in the treatment of a disease or injury described herein, aphysician evaluates cell toxicity, transplantation reactions,progression of the disease, and the production of anti-cell antibodies.For administration, the cultured stem cells of the present invention canbe administered in an amount effective to diminish or relieve one ormore symptoms associated with the disease or injury, taking into accountthe side-effects of the cell type at various concentrations, as appliedto the mass and overall health of the subject. Administration can beaccomplished via single or divided doses.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method fortreating a subject suffering from a disease or disability (e.g., spinalcord injury) comprising administering to the subject stem cellscollected, processed, and/or cultured according to the methods describedherein. As a non-limiting example, the lithium-stimulated stem cells canbe administered to a subject in an amount sufficient to replenish cellslost due to disease or injury.

In certain instances, the cells to be replaced due to illness or diseaseare blood cells. Alternatively, subjects undergoing chemotherapy orradiation therapy for cancer may have their bone marrow cells destroyedby such therapy, thus leading to an increased susceptibility ofdeveloping various infectious diseases. These subjects can also betreated with stem cells derived from the methods of the presentinvention. In certain other instances, the stem cells may be used totreat subjects suffering from spinal cord injury, traumatic braininjury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, burns, heartdisease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. The stemcells can also be used to treat subjects suffering from a disease suchas leukemia, lymphoma, anemia, multiple myeloma, inherited blooddisorders, and diseases or treatments resulting in an immunodeficiency(e.g., AIDS).

The stem cells can be administered to a subject alone or in conjunctionwith other therapeutic regimens. In certain instances, the additionaltherapeutic regimen comprises chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Incertain other instances, the additional therapeutic regimen comprises atleast one growth factor such as, for example, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF,IL-3, IL-7, EPO, TPO, IL-5, or any of the other growth factors describedherein. The treatments may be administered simultaneously orsequentially.

V. Stem Cell Transplantation

In some embodiments, stem cells are transplanted without HLA typing. Inother embodiments, stem cells are HLA typed to ensure compatibility withthe recipient. The number of matches of HLA markers depends on the needsof the user and the source of the stem cells. For example, stem cellsthat have been isolated from embryonic or fetal tissue, including cordblood, can be used with four of six, five of six, or six of six markermatches. Stem cells from adults are preferably used when six of six HLAmarkers are compatible. In some immunocompromised subjects, graft versushost response can be attenuated and stem cells that are not perfectlymatched can be used.

Typically, the normal stem cell population present in the subject iseliminated or reduced prior to transplantation of the therapeutic stemcell units. Chemotherapy, radiation, or the techniques described in,e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,867 can be used to condition the bone marrowfor appropriate engraftment of the transplant. Finally, therapeutic stemcell units can be transplanted into the patient using standard methods.

In some embodiments, stem cells are transplanted with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueouscarriers can be used, e.g., buffered saline and the like. Thesesolutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. Thetherapeutic stem cell unit may also contain pharmaceutically acceptableauxiliary substances as required to approximate physiologicalconditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicityadjusting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodiumchloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate, albumin,dextran, DMSO, combinations thereof, and the like. The concentration ofauxiliary substances can vary widely, and will be selected primarilybased on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight, and the like inaccordance with the particular mode of administration selected and thesubject's needs.

VI. Examples

The present invention will be described in greater detail by way of thefollowing examples. The following examples are offered for illustrativepurposes, and are not intended to limit the present invention in anymanner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety ofnoncritical parameters which can be changed or modified to yieldessentially the same results.

Example 1. Lithium Stimulation of Rat Neonatal Blood Cell Proliferationand Growth Factor Production

This example illustrates that lithium promotes the proliferation andgrowth factor production of stem cells isolated from neonatal rat blood(N01.1 cells). Lithium also enhances the survival and growth oftransplanted N01.1 cells.

Results

In vitro.

FIG. 1 shows that lithium promotes N01.1 cell proliferation in vitro.N01.1 cells were cultured in growth medium containing 3 mM lithiumchloride for 7 days. Cell number was counted for both groups. The numberof cells in the lithium chloride group was 359% higher than the controlgroup. Lithium-treated N01.1 cells were still Nestin positive.

FIG. 2 shows that lithium stimulates N01.1 cell growth factor productionin vitro. The mRNA levels of growth factors such as LIF, BDNF, GDNF,NGFγ, and NGFβ in N01.1 cells cultured with or without 3 mM lithiumchloride was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. LIF and NGFβmRNA levels were significantly greater than the control group. Therewere no significant differences between the mRNA levels of NGFγ, BDNF,and GDNF.

In vivo.

GFP-positive N01.1 cells were transplanted immediately after a 25 mmheight weight drop contusion. The rats were injected with 100 mg/kglithium chloride intraperitoneally daily for 2 weeks. The control groupwas injected with saline daily for 2 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 2weeks for RT-PCR and histological analysis.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show that lithium promotes N01.1 cell proliferation invivo. In FIG. 3, the level of GFP mRNA in the spinal cord at 2 weeksafter N01.1 cell transplantation with saline or lithium treatment wasdetermined by quantitative real-time PCR. In saline-treated rats, theamount of GFP mRNA was detectable, but very low. In lithium-treatedrats, however, the amount of GFP mRNA was 1000× greater than thatobserved in saline-treated rats. In FIG. 4, genomic DNA of transplantedspinal cord tissue was isolated and genomic PCR analysis was performedwith a GFP primer set. In lithium-treated tissues, the amount ofamplified GFP DNA was significantly greater than that observed in thecontrol group.

FIG. 5 shows that lithium promotes N01.1 cell survival in vivo.GFP-positive N01.1 cells were transplanted into injured rat spinalcords. After 2 weeks, rats were perfused and spinal cords were observedunder a Zeiss Stemi dissecting microscope. In saline-treated rats, GFPfluorescence intensity was low and diffuse (FIGS. 5A-B). Inlithium-treated rats, however, GFP fluorescence intensity was high andoccupied two large areas (FIGS. 5C-D). To further evaluate thedistribution of GFP-N01.1 cells, the same spinal cords were sectionedsagittally. In saline-treated rats, GFP-positive N01.1 cells were sparse(FIG. 5E). In contrast, lithium-treated rats had a large number ofGFP-positive N01.1 cells at the contusion center (FIG. 5F).

FIG. 6 shows that lithium stimulates N01.1 cell growth factor productionin vivo. To investigate the effect of lithium on growth factorproduction, four groups of spinal cords were analyzed by quantitativereal-time PCR. In the “Injury” and “Injury/LiCl” groups, there were nosignificant changes in growth factor mRNA levels. In the “Injury/N01.1”group, BDNF, NT3, and NGFγ mRNA levels were elevated. In the“Injury/N01.1/LiCl” group, there were significant increases in GDNF,LIF, BDNF, NT-3, NGFβ, and NGFγ mRNA levels. These results demonstratethat lithium stimulates growth factor production in the presence ofN01.1 cells.

FIG. 7 shows the effect of lithium on neuroprotection following spinalcord injury. Lithium chloride or saline was injected (ip) soon afterspinal cord injury. Lesion volumes were measured 24 hrs after injury. Nosignificant difference between lithium-treated and saline-treated ratswas observed.

Discussion

The effects of lithium on stem cell proliferation, gene expression, andtissue protection after spinal cord injury were examined. Using anestin-expressing cell line (N01.1) isolated from neonatal rat bloodthat was transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP), the effectsof lithium on N01.1 cell proliferation in culture and N01.1 cellsimplanted into injured spinal cords were determined. Incubating N01.1cells in 3 mM lithium resulted in a 359% increase in the number of cellsafter 1 week. When N01.1 cells were transplanted into rat spinal cordafter a 25-mm contusion injury, they did not grow out of control andrespected the gray-white matter boundaries of the spinal cord. At 2weeks after transplantation, the transplantation site was assayed forGFP mRNA levels. In saline-treated rats, GFP mRNA was detectable, butvery low. In lithium-treated rats, however, the amount of GFP mRNA was1000× greater than that in saline-treated rats. Histology also showedmore GFP-positive cells in the injured spinal cord with lithiumtreatment. The amount of mRNA of growth factors such as GDNF, LIF, BDNF,NT-3, NGFβ, and NGFγ were also greater in lithium-treated rats. As such,this example demonstrates that lithium is useful for enhancing thesurvival and growth of transplanted stem cells by promoting cellproliferation and stimulating growth factor expression in vivo. It isthus ideal for combination therapy in patients that have received stemcell transplants.

Methods

Cell Character.

N01 cells were isolated from the blood of wild-type neonatal (P0)Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and cultured with DMEM, 10% FBS, EGF, and bFGF.At 6 weeks, 60% of N01 cells were Nestin positive. After a clonal assay.a subclone named N01.1 having 100% Nestin positivity was selected. N01.1cells can be cultured for a long period of time without any change inmorphology or Nestin marker. When serum was withdrawn from growth media,N01.1 cells formed spherical structures that were similar toneurospheres formed by neural stem cells (Sun, 1st Annual ScientificMeeting on Stem Cell Research in New Jersey, 2004).

In vitro culture.

N01.1 cells were treated with 3 mM lithium chloride for 7 days in DMEM,10% FBS, bFGF, and EGF at 37° C., 5% CO₂ humidified chamber.

In Vivo Spinal Cord Injury/Cell Transplantation.

N01.1 cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP). 77+1day old SD rats were used. A contusion (MASCIS impactor, 25 mm height)was made, and shortly thereafter a total of 200,000 cells was injectedintraspinally with a glass micropipette attached to a Hamilton syringeat two sites that were 2 mm apart from the contusion site (100,000cells/μl).

In Vivo Lithium Treatment.

Lithium chloride was administered intraperitoneally at 100 mg/kg perinjection/day, every day for 2 weeks.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR.

To evaluate the cell survival of implanted GFP-positive N01.1 cells 2weeks after transplantation, the amount of GFP mRNA was measured by SYBRgreen fluorescence on an Applied Biosystems 7900HT Real-Time PCR System(Foster City, Calif.). The mRNA levels of LIF, BDNF, NT3, GDNF, NGFγ,and NGFβ in the spinal cord following N01.1 cell transplantation weremeasured.

Lesion Volume (LV).

To evaluate the effect of lithium on tissue protection, lesion volumeswere measured 24 hrs after injuries according to the following formula:LV=0.75−([K]t−4)/120×weight (Constantini et al., J. Neurosurg.,80:97-111 (1994)).

Example 2. Lithium Stimulation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood CellProliferation and Growth Factor Production

This example illustrates that lithium promotes the proliferation andgrowth factor production of stem cells isolated from human umbilicalcord blood.

FIG. 8 shows that lithium promotes human umbilical cord blood cellproliferation in vitro. Human mononuclear cells were isolated from freshhuman umbilical cord blood and cultured in growth media containing fetalbovine serum (FBS) with or without 3 mM lithium chloride. Inlithium-treated cultures, the cell number was higher than in controlcultures during the length of the 8-week study. Although the total cellnumber decreased in both lithium-treated and control cultures after 5weeks, there were significantly more cells in lithium-treated culturesat week 8.

FIG. 9 shows that lithium stimulates growth factor production in vitro.Human mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh human umbilical cordblood. Cells were cultured in growth media containing FBS with orwithout 3 mM lithium chloride. Quantitative real-time PCR was performedat 2 and 4 weeks to evaluate growth factor mRNA levels. At 4 weeks,lithium-treated cultures had a 2-5 fold increase in growth factor mRNAlevels (e.g., GDNF, LIF, BDNF, NT-3, NGFβ, and CNTF) compared to controlcultures.

FIG. 10 shows that lithium stimulates growth factor production in vitro.Human mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh human umbilical cordblood. Cells were cultured in growth media containing adult human serum(HS) with or without 3 mM lithium chloride (Li). Quantitative real-timePCR was performed at 1 and 2 weeks to evaluate growth factor mRNAlevels. At both time points, lithium-treated cultures showed asignificant increase in growth factor mRNA levels (e.g., BDNF, CNTF,GDNF, LIF, NGFβ, and NT-3) compared to control cultures.

It is to be understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments will be apparent tothose of skill in the art upon reading the above description. The scopeof the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference tothe above description, but should instead be determined with referenceto the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles andreferences, including patent applications, patents, PCT publications,and Genbank Accession Nos., are incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

1. A method for stimulating growth factor production by human umbilicalcord blood cells, said method comprising: culturing said cells in amedium comprising a lithium salt.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein saidgrowth factor is selected from the group consisting of a cell survivalfactor, an anti-differentiation factor, and combinations thereof.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein said growth factor is a cell survival factorselected from the group consisting of a neurotrophin, a cytokine,epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF),fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), andcombinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said cellsurvival factor is a neurotrophin selected from the group consisting ofneurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), brain-derived neurotrophicfactor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliaryneurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and combinationsthereof.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said growth factor is ananti-differentiation factor, wherein said anti-differentiation factor isleukemia inhibitory factor (LIF).
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein saidlithium salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium chloride,lithium carbonate, and lithium sulfate.
 7. (canceled)
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said lithium salt is present in said medium at aconcentration of from about 0.5 to about 5 mM.
 9. (canceled)
 10. An invitro method for expanding human umbilical cord blood cells, said methodcomprising: culturing said cells in a medium comprising a lithium salt.11. The method of claim 10, wherein said lithium salt is selected fromthe group consisting of lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, and lithiumsulfate.
 12. (canceled)
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said lithiumsalt is present in said medium at a concentration of from about 0.5 toabout 5 mM.
 14. (canceled)
 15. A method for enhancing survival andgrowth of transplanted human umbilical cord blood cells in a subject,said method comprising: (a) culturing said cells in a medium comprisinga lithium salt; and (b) administering the cells of step (a) to saidsubject.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said lithium salt isselected from the group consisting of lithium chloride, lithiumcarbonate, and lithium sulfate.
 17. (canceled)
 18. The method of claim15, wherein said lithium salt is present in said medium at aconcentration of from about 0.5 to about 5 mM. 19-20. (canceled)
 21. Themethod of claim 15, wherein said subject has been diagnosed with aspinal cord injury.
 22. The method of claim 15, wherein said cells areadministered intraspinally.
 23. The method of claim 15, furthercomprising: (c) administering a lithium salt to said subject. 24-25.(canceled)
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein said lithium salt isadministered by a route selected from the group consisting of oral,intrathecal, intraventricular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal,intravenous, and intramuscular. 27-28. (canceled)
 29. A method forreducing rejection of transplanted human umbilical cord blood cells in asubject, said method comprising: administering a lithium salt to saidsubject after cell transplantation.
 30. (canceled)
 31. The method ofclaim 29, wherein said subject has been diagnosed with a spinal cordinjury.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein said lithium salt isselected from the group consisting of lithium chloride, lithiumcarbonate, and lithium sulfate. 33-36. (canceled)